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Thursday, September 6, 2012

Crime and Society

Punishment? Justice? Revenge? "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. Vengeance is mine", sayeth the Lord. I am not a vengeful person and I am not God. I am actually kind and tolerant, but I have a few bones to pick.

The fires that burned so tragically in Southern California have set me to thinking...again...about the nature of crime and its punishment. Certainly, most of those fires are the result of low humidity, high winds and unfortunate accident. I am fairly certain, however, that some of them have been deliberately set. "Fire bugs" tend to take advantage of these sorts of situations; what's one more fire among so many?

Did I mention that I am a kind person? Well, as true as that is, I have some rather strong views about justice. And I am not normally a judgmental person, either.

Crime and Society

I do not believe that, as a society, we deal effectively with those who perpetrate crimes upon our society. If everyone who ever thought about setting a wild fire burning knew for an absolute fact that they themselves would be set on fire as a punishment, how many of them would actually set a fire? Maybe that is a little too cruel of a punishment. Maybe we should just burn to ash everything that they own. Granted some egomaniacs will think that they can not be caught. But you get my point, right?

Our criminals, when caught and prosecuted have a nice, relatively cushy jail cell to look forward to. I am certain that thousands of years ago when mankind first banded together into tribes, they did not tolerate behavior that went against the best interests of the tribe. Individuals who endangered, directly harmed or broke a taboo of the tribe were most likely cast out or shunned. No cozy prison cells with three square meals a day for them. Go out there and make it entirely on your own, buddy.

Whenever I think about crime, it tends to re-open a poorly healed wound. About a year ago, our next door neighbor trespassed on our property with a loaded shot gun. From our backyard, he shot and killed a miniature Dachshund that belonged to the daughter of our backdoor neighbors. They had gone out to dinner and the dog was loose in the fenced yard and had been barking for several hours. His first blast only wounded the poor dog. I will never forget how it screamed. His second shot finished it off. He did not just kill the dog, he also changed the dog owner's and our lives forever; not for the better.

Prior to this incident, our neighbor had been going around to many of us and complaining about lights left on that shined into his bedroom windows at night, noisy children, parties and the like. He wanted his way regardless of what anyone else might want. The little dog sacrificed its life to let us all know the lengths to which this man is willing to go in order to have his way.

Now, I am not advocating that a life be taken as punishment for the taking of a life. Quite possibly the British had it right; but where do you find a nice, completely isolated desert island and how do you keep it that way? Besides, Australia is now a nice place to live.

My husband and I have been shunning our neighbor and his wife (she had the opportunity to stop him), but the people who lived directly behind him have moved away and so has the family that lost their dog. If I thought there was some way to force him to move, I would pursue it. Recently, some of our good friends across the street have started talking to our next door neighbors again. We do not hold this against our friends, but it is a shame.

Our felonious neighbor gets to continue to live in his house (he served no prison time, but did complete several hundred hours of community service at the Humane Society) and continue his life as if he never did anything reproachable. This is just wrong.

I do not know what the ultimate answer is. I wish I did. But I do know that criminal behavior should never be tolerated, forgotten, forgiven or condoned. I believe that we, as a society, owe it to ourselves to find a better solution to the problem of crime and implement it. Sometimes the hard decisions just have to be made. And believe it or not, I would be happy to help make them.

Crime and Society
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Sunday, September 2, 2012

Crime Scene Forensics - Categorizing the Evidence Found at a Crime Scene

Evidence refers to anything that can be used to find out whether a crime has been perpetrated. Evidence may tie a perpetrator to a scene, support or deny an alibi or statement, identify the offender or victim, exonerate an innocent individual, induce a confession, or warrant further investigation.

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All evidence is not the same. Depending on its characteristics and reliability, evidence can be subdivided into numerous categories. For instance, a person's account of a crime falls into a different category than a piece of hair or fiber left behind at the scene.

Evidence can be categorized as follows:

Crime Scene Forensics - Categorizing the Evidence Found at a Crime Scene

Direct-Direct evidence establishes a fact. Circumstantial-Circumstantial evidence requires that a judge or jury make an indirect judgment about what occurred. Physical-Physical evidence refers to any nonliving, inanimate objects such as fingerprints, tool marks, or paint smudges. Biological-Biological evidence involves organic, living items such as blood, urine, or saliva. Reconstructive-Reconstructive evidence is evidence that allows criminal investigators to gain better knowledge of what transpired at the crime scene. For instance, a broken lock can indicate a break-in. Associative-Associative evidence links a suspect to the crime scene. This can include fingerprints, hair, or fibers. Class characteristics-Characteristics of evidence that is unique to a large group of objects. Individual characteristics-Characteristics of evidence that is unique to one person or a small group of individuals.

Once evidence is categorized, the next step in forensics is to analyze the evidence. The reason they analyze the evidence is make identifications and comparisons. Identification involves what specifically a certain item or substance is. Is the white powder heroin or cocaine? Is the brown stain spaghetti sauce or blood? A comparison is made to ascertain whether a known and a suspect item or substance have something in common. For instance, did the hair or blood come from the offender? Do the shards of plastic embedded in the victim's clothing match the plastic turn signal housing of the suspect's car? A forensic scientist can conclude if the two substances are a positive or a negative match.

Once crime scene investigators analyze a piece of evidence, they will derive a linkage, or tie between a perpetrator and a person, place, or object. For instance, the offender's fingerprint or saliva at the scene of a burglary or rape strongly ties the offender to the scene of the crime.

Crime Scene Forensics - Categorizing the Evidence Found at a Crime Scene

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Sunday, August 26, 2012

Tax Evasion Penalties

Tax evasion is illegally avoiding paying taxes, failing to report, or reporting inaccurately. The most common one is failing to report cash income. The government imposes strict and serious penalties for tax evasion.

Tax evasion is different from tax avoidance, which is making use of legal methods to minimize tax due. There are many deductions you can legally claim to reduce your tax liability, for example if you have dependents (the more dependents, the lower your taxes), if you have certain medical expenses or if you contribute to certain retirement plans or to charitable organizations. Taking advantage of them and keeping your tax bill to a minimum is quite legal and if you do that you are guilty of no crime. However, when companies, individuals, or any other legal entities intentionally avoid their legal responsibility, that is tax evasion and the penalties are severe, including prison terms and hefty fines.

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) oversees the regulation of taxes. It also prosecutes any person or entity that avoids payment of taxes due, and can assess penalties.

Tax Evasion Penalties

The IRS has nearly 3000 special agents who are trained to gather the information used to detect tax evasion. They have access to tax returns, the power to issue a summons for access to further financial information, and the right to seize or freeze monies in the attempt to collect the necessary financial information.

The IRS audits some taxpayers at random each year, but most audits are a result of unusual activity. If a person claims a lot of deductions in proportion to their income, or if a person with a lot of assets declares a very small income, an audit may result. If it is established that taxes have been intentionally evaded, the IRS can levy tax liens, seize assets, freeze money in check and savings accounts, and garnish wages. Any and all properties held by the individual taxpayer can be seized and sold at auction if no attempt is made to repay the liability.

Everyone that is determined to be involved in an evasion of tax liability has the right to meet with the IRS and be heard. Should you find yourself in this situation, it would be wise to engage a tax attorney.

There are three crimes with which an individual may be charged:

* Tax evasion: This is a felony and a conviction can carry a prison sentence of up to five years and/or fines up to 0,000.

* Filing a false return: The government does not have to prove the taxpayer intended to evade tax laws, just that the taxpayer filed a false return. This is a felony and can result in a prison sentence of up to three years and/or fines up to 0,000.

* Failing to file a tax return: This is a misdemeanor and can result in a maximum prison sentence of one year and/or fines totaling up to ,000 for each year for which no return was filed.

Many individual taxpayers rely on accountants and business managers to handle their financial affairs and may not be aware of the status of their finances. However, the individual taxpayer is responsible for the information provided to the IRS. Do yourself a favor and examine your return, understand what you're reading, and check that it is accurate.

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The author believes that filing tax returns should be as simple and painless as possible and that every taxpayer should take advantage of the many ways to legally keep taxes to a minimum. Read more at http://www.taxassistonline.com

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Wednesday, August 22, 2012

World Crime and Murder Trends

Murder Rates (per 1 million people)

1st Columbia 618
2nd South Africa 496
3rd Jamaica 324
5th Russia 202
24th United States 43
30th Finland 28
40th France 17
60th Japan 5

Crime Rates (per 1 million people)

World Crime and Murder Trends

1st Dominica 114,000
2nd New Zealand 106,000
3rd Finland 102,000
4th Denmark 93,000
5th Child 88,000
6th United Kingdom 86,000
8th United States 80,000
10th South Africa 77,000
31st Russia 21,000
37th Jamaica 14,000
59th India 1,000

Columbia is the world leader in murder rates, with 618 murders for every million people. It is significantly high than South Africa, which is second. Jamaica and Venezuela are the next two with Russia the highest European country with 202 murders for every million. The number of murders in the United States has fallen to 43 per million, but figures for Eastern Europe has generally risen.

In many cases the trends differ for crime rates in general. Dominica has the most recorded crime followed by New Zealand, Finland, Denmark, Chile and the United Kingdom.

Although Columbia has the highest murder rate it is not in the top 60 of general crime rates. This is similar with South Africa and Jamaica. These countries have a high amount of drug related crime (although often not reported and therefore not recorded); something that can often lead to disputes and therefore murder. A large proportion of crime in these countries could be attributed to this.

Murder rates are significantly higher in Eastern Europe than Western Europe. Over the last twenty years there has been much political unrest in Eastern Europe, and this is something that can cause crime.

Some countries have high crime rates that would surprise many. Countries that traditionally have had low crime, such as Finland, Denmark and Japan now have higher crime.

Western Europe generally has a low murder rate but a much higher general crime rate. One of the reasons for this could be that a higher percentage of crime is reported. There are also more laws relating to 'lesser' offenses. Speeding and littering, for example, are not illegal in many other areas of the world and it is therefore easier to break the law. Research generally shows that areas of wealth have less crime, and this could be another factor. In some ways New Zealand is similar to this. They have a high crime rate, but low murder rate, with a large proportion of crimes being minor ones.

The United States murder rate has fallen significantly, but overall crime remains relatively high, much like Western Europe. Murder is still more common though, with the fact that guns are legal and easily obtainable likely to be a contributing factor. Violent crime has been reduced though, and this is partly due to greater effort being made by the authorities. New York is a good example of this, with crime rates, and especially violent crime having fallen by a large margin over the last ten to fifteen years.

Crime rates are extremely low in India and China. Some would argue that these areas have high morals and therefore lower crime. You could also argue though, that there are more severe punishments for crime, and therefore it is less worth the risk.

Andrew Marshall ©

World Crime and Murder Trends

Criminal Solicitors London

Statistics from http://www.nationmaster.com

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Wednesday, August 15, 2012

The Psychology of Addiction

On why addiction is largely a state of the mind so addicts are more addicted to their addiction, the temporary feeling of pleasure, rather than the drugs...

Addiction is primarily psychological although addiction is defined according to the physiological changes in the body, and addiction continues to be considered as a social, cultural, genetic and experiential process as well. Addictive behaviour could be explained as any behaviour that gives temporary or short term pleasure and also provides relief from discomfort although there may be long term adverse effects.

Crime

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Addiction is generally described as dependence on any drug and results from substance abuse. Any drug or alcohol can produce addiction as can other things such as the internet, gaming, gadgets, chocolates etc. However the physical and psychological effects of drugs and alcohol are detrimental and actually result in loss of productivity, withdrawal and physical dependence and lack of attention and such other conditions. The primary feature of addiction is dependence as an individual shows increased psychological and physiological dependence on the substance he is addicted to and without the addictive substance the person is unable to return to normal life.

The Psychology of Addiction

Dependence on anything may not be too bad and some amount of social dependence is expected of us as social beings. However when there is excessive dependence with inability to live without the substance in question, then withdrawal symptoms result and there are physiological changes in the body including pain and in some cases medical attention is required. Addiction is an extreme dependence and can cause people to lose sense of reality as people become cripple without the substance they are addicted to. Addiction leads to crime and anti-social behaviour as addicts can resort to violent behaviour, to stealing, to murder simply to attain what they want. Addiction to a substance could be separated from healthy use of the substance such as some amount of alcohol is considered acceptable and healthy in a social setting but being completely dependent on alcohol to that which amounts to addiction can have adverse social and personal implications for the individual. Some of the common addictive drugs and substances are opium, alcohol, nicotine and barbiturates. Giving up any addiction, requires strength and this is largely the strength of the mind that aids in stopping any addictive behaviour. Thus if addiction is a disease, the cure of addiction or even its prevention is largely a psychological process suggesting that the 'mind' is responsible for the addiction, the beginning of it and also the end of it.

Using addictive substances stimulate and release the pleasure inducing neurotransmitters in the brain and the dependence on this feeling of pleasure leads to more such pleasure seeking behaviour and this can spiral out of control and doesn't remain within the control of the individual who then is completely controlled by his addiction rather than the other way round. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms of an addictive substance could include anxiety, depression, craving, irritability, restlessness or even thoughts of suicide with fatal consequences. Craving, irritability, depression, anxiety are all psychological withdrawal symptoms of addiction although closely related to the physical withdrawal symptoms. So addiction is largely in the mind and if a person wants, he or she can overcome this extreme dependence on an activity or a substance through self control and with better insight into his condition.

Why do people develop addiction?

People who develop addiction are more prone to mental illnesses as addiction has been related to mood or affective disorders, to neurotic illnesses and obsessive disorders, to anxiety disorders and many other psychological problems. Addiction is largely akin to compulsion or the need to repeat any particular behaviour in an abnormal dependent manner and addiction like compulsion is an abnormal dependence. Addicts are obsessed with the substance or objects or activity that they are addicted to and show an abnormal dependence on the substance or activity. Individuals with mood disorders or people prone to frequent depression are prone to addiction as any addictive substance or drug or even activity such as sex that gives short term pleasure can cause the addict to return to this activity or substance again and again so that the depression is forgotten for a while. This need for short term pleasure leads to repeated pleasure seeking behaviour and thus creates addiction.

All human beings are necessarily pleasure seekers, we all like to experience that is good or beautiful or provides a moment of happiness but addicts are in turn addicted to this pleasure as well. In fact addicts are addicted to the pleasure and not to the drugs, which are simply catalysts to provide them this pleasure. The drugs and the objects as also the activities that they repeatedly engage in provide them a solace that they feel they would not find in other options. There are of course chemical changes in the body so there are substantive proofs that addicts do get short term pleasure. Thus a drug addict repeated uses drug because it provides a particular form of pleasure that he will not get by say watching films and a sex addict repeatedly seeks sex because the pleasure from sex according to her may not be found in other activities such as travelling or reading. However this is only a belief that the addict has and is not necessarily true. In fact there is a sort of fixation of want, and an obsession with the object of want so an addict repeatedly thinks about this want and convinces himself that without the addictive substance he will not be able to survive. When love becomes an addiction, it can lead to suicide or fatal consequences when the object of desire is not attained.

Addicts are thus obsessed and largely depressed individuals who sometimes use the obsession against the depression or to overcome the depression. They are socially withdrawn although they may apparently have a huge circle of friends with whom they may not be able to relate at all levels. Addicts are also susceptible to suggestion and they are vulnerable to opinions of other people. Strange that it may sound, it is easy to mould or change addicts and also easy to hypnotize them as they are very impressionable and easily affected by what people and society have to say about them. This weakness of addicts is also their strength as both negative and positive influences can act equally well on addicts and the right guidance would be necessary to show them what is good for them and what is bad.

How is addiction controlled and stopped?

Stopping or overcoming any addiction could be a challenge but as addicts are changeable and affected easily, it may be relatively easy to bring them back to normal life provided they have the right type of guidance and counselling.

One of the strategies that could be used to cure addictive behaviour would be 'diversion', providing alternative substances/activities or shifting their attention or interest into something other than the addictive substance or object. As a TV addict could be encouraged to develop more constructive habits of reading for instance.

'Substitution' would be another method and a person addicted to alcohol could be encouraged to take a drink that tastes like wine but does not contain alcohol.

'Eradication' or complete unavailability of the addictive substance or object can gradually lead to forgetting the pleasure giving substance and interests in other activities. The complete unavailability of a drug, even a sleeping pill can lead to lessening of addiction for that drug and help the addict to develop other interests, although this should not be done abruptly as physiological and psychological symptoms of withdrawal may result. So if someone is addicted to a specific medicine or pill, the doses could be slowly reduced before completely stopping intake of the drug.

Finally 'suggestion' or counselling to change behaviour highlighting the bad effects of a drug or an obsessive activity could be effective at a later stage after withdrawal from the drug or activity has been attempted as when in need of any substance, addicts lose all sense of reality and may not even want to listen to advice. So, only when their dependence reduces to an extent with the help of the other methods of substitution, eradication or diversion, counselling could help them to show more reasonable and socially responsible behaviour and prevent further conditions of relapse.

The Psychology of Addiction

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Saturday, August 11, 2012

Identity Theft - What Are the Most Common Ways to Commit ID Theft or Fraud?

It's the number one source of consumer complaints at the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), and unfortunately, it's one of the simplest crimes to commit. Identity theft involves information from your daily life, from shopping, bill-paying, and even applying for a job. Thieves take advantage of everyday opportunities to discover your personal information, including your Social Security number (SSN), bank or credit card account numbers, income, name, address, or phone number, and use it to commit fraud or other crimes.

How can a stranger get to your information? According to the FTC, identity thieves may pose as legitimate representatives of an organization, as business professionals or agents of the government, conning you into revealing sensitive information. Common scams include impersonating employees from banks, credit card companies, Internet service providers, and utility companies. If someone calls you claiming to represent a legitimate organization, confirm this by calling the customer service number listed on your statement or bill.

Crime

Thieves may also use your place of employment to get the information they need. A co-worker may steal information from your employer; someone could hack into your company's computer and copy employee records; or a criminal could resort to the old-fashioned method of bribing someone you work with for your information. Check with your employer to find out the company policy on securing your records and disposing of them when you're gone.

Identity Theft - What Are the Most Common Ways to Commit ID Theft or Fraud?

If your employer is authorized to pull credit reports on employees or potential customers, someone could take advantage of this access to retrieve illegal reports. Criminals may also pose as employers, landlords, or collection agents to pull your credit information. It's a good idea to order a copy of your credit report once a year to check for unauthorized entries.

Shredding your documents before you throw them away is also good idea, whether at work or at home. Identity thieves have been known to sift through garbage, in the trash can or at the dump, to find sensitive information.

The most common form of identity theft is credit card fraud. Technology has allowed criminals to begin stealing your credit or debit card numbers as you use the cards, "skimming" them with an information storage device. In addition, thousands of drivers' licenses and credit and debit cards are stolen each year. Keeping your Social Security card in a secure location and safeguarding your purse or wallet while at work are necessary precautions.

Even your mail is a source for identity thieves, who may complete credit card applications in your name and go on a spending spree. After stealing your bank or credit card statements, tax information, or box of replacement checks, criminals are able to access your accounts and spend the funds in your name. They may even change the address on your existing account, diverting the bills to keep you from recognizing the problem until it's too late. Being aware of your billing cycles can help you catch a discrepancy in the arrival of your statements.

Identity thieves have a variety of ways to use your information for their personal gain. They may shop for big-ticket items using your credit or bank account information and then sell the items for cash. With your SSN and date of birth, they can open new bank accounts or apply for lines of credit. In fact, banks have granted loans to criminals using stolen identities for purchases as large as cars.

Telephone or internet service can be set up using your SSN. Thieves can avoid impending eviction or accumulated debt by filing bankruptcy in your name. Perhaps the most emotionally traumatic, police could issue a warrant for you if a criminal was arrested using your name and failed to appear at a court hearing.

The ways that identity thieves have conceived to acquire your personal information are numerous, but your vigilance and heightened awareness can curb their ability to make you a victim.

Identity Theft - What Are the Most Common Ways to Commit ID Theft or Fraud?

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Monday, July 30, 2012

Lack of Education Contributes to Crime

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